The Grand Canyon has been around for several years and is one of the most visited places on Earth today. It is ultimately constructed of rocks, and plates. The plates are stacked on top of one another, to create a giant wall, that covers nearly 18 miles in some parts. This massive wall is 9,000 feet above sea level and has ridges in all of its parts. Cross cutting is the process in which erosion over time makes a certain pattern into the rock. The rock will then look as if someone has cut a cross into it. Not the religious type of cross, but the cross that you use to go diagonal.
   Since the Grand Canyon is so massive, the cross cutting has a majority of the Grand Canyon.There are several types of Cross Cutting; structural, stratigraphic, sedimentological, Paleontologic, and Geomorphic. Structural is a fault of fracture cut that cuts through older rocks. Stratigraphic is an erosional surface that cuts across older rock layers, geological structures, or other geological features.

Different types of moths have different habitats, and needs to survive. One specific type of moths, the Peppered moths, live in the modern day, England. They are known for their unique wing color, and their evolution over time. They happened to change color, simply due to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was technically te fact that new factories were being built, and more smoke began to billow the sky. Some scientists believe that the smoke, and dust particles is what changed the moths wing colors. The moths have different colors, that correspond to what habitat they live in. The lighter colored moths may live in the lighter colored environments, so they can hide themselves from predators.
    The darker colored moths, however, are the unique kind. They are the ones that are said to change color due to the Industrial Revolution. Charles Darwin had taken spoken, and his words were taken into consideration for this experiment. If the color of these moths continue to change, then the population of the dark moths will increase. 

If this world were ever to have an issue that dealt with over population, we would be in great chaos. Even in some places today, over population is a major problem. Over population can lead to limited resources, and or immense competition for that particular resource. For example, of you had limited water in one region, but a large population, the water can't be distributed properly throughout that area. People begin to get a little thirsty, so they all have to fight for that limited water. This can lead to some great problems, and even worse deaths. If there was a resource, like gold, it wouldn't be as important to us if it was limited or not. Humans by nature need the water to survive, but the gold isn't necessary to have.
      In some cases limited resources can be bad or good, depending on the type of resource it is. If it happens to be toxic in anyway, then it will be a good thing to have a limited source of that object. If however, the resource is food, water, shelter, or any necessities, then we absolutely need it. Evolution can be brought upon, in similar cases to this. One animal might be running out of food, or water, and they might eventually die out. That same type of animal will become distinct, and slowly die away. In contemporary times, the polar bears are vanishing everywhere. The ice that they need is slowly going away, so they have nowhere to live. 

One of the most concurrent projects that was recently worked on, was the paper pet family. The general idea for this project, was simply to familiarize ourselves with the types of genetic traits, and how they work in the offspring. Some traits are shown more in the offspring, then other traits. For example, if both parents have brown hair, then their offspring will most definitely have brown hair, because blonde hair would almost seem impossible.  For the project, you created two "parents", and filled out their genes. If you didn't have a specific trait, then you and your partner flip a coin to determine the specific genotype. Once you fill out a chart with you, and your partners genotypes, then you cam begin to fill out the genotype for the children as well. 
    Determining the genotype is a little bit different. If there is a dominant trait in both parents, then you automatically put that genotype in for the children. You supposedly have six children,and you fill out each one. The children should look very similar to the parents unless there is a recessive trait. Normally, most of your children should look fairly similar, or almost identical.

In the field of genetics, traits can become very confusing, especially when using yourself as an example. Just take a look in a mirror, and you might figure out that you may have several traits from both sides of your parents. Some traits may even come from generations past, and even before that time. Depicting the different types of traits had confused many individuals, so they finally continued to make a drawing other wise known as the Punnett square. Then main function of a Punnett square, is to find the possibility of a particular trait. Whether the trait is; hair color, eye color, body color, eyelashes, nose shape, finger shape, height, etc, you can always figure it out. The Punnett square is a plain square with two lines going to the opposite side. On the outer ends of the square you put in your parents genotype, whether its Tt, tt, or TT. 
        The genotype, and phenotype of a person are two completely different thing. The phenotype of a person is their physical appearance, while the genotype tells if their homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, etc. Once you fill out the outer side of the Punnett square, you can begin to write your information in the square as well. IF the outer side has TT, and tt, all the outcomes in the square would be Tt. Once you figure out the probability, you can also find the percentage as well.

One of the many projects that we created in science, was the DNA ornament. The DNA ornament had multiple uses, and purposes, but the construction was a bit difficult and sophisticated. The items needed for this consisted of: a copper wire, green beads, red beads, yellow beads, and blue beads. There were twelve basis that were created through this project. The first step, is to take one yellow, and one blue bead, and to have them on one end. The second step required a bit more effort, and strategy. You needed to hold the wire with your thumb, and middle finger, and you needed to bring the other end of the wire, so that a loop was created. Once you had that loop, you would pull slightly, so the beads would fall in place, and the first part was created.
         You need to repeat that process on the other side, so a row is created. In all, the wire you loop twenty-four times. Once you finish all twelve rows, taking the wire piece at the top, you would make tiny loops on both sides, and pull them through the outer beads, so the loop would disappear. Once you finish with that step, you would only pu

Throughout the course of this past semester, I found that the hardest task to memorize, had to be the cell parts, and their functions. I figured that their would be a difference between learning the parts, and just memorizing. Memorizing can be done one day, and be gone the next. Several approaches to learn the cell parts didn't exactly stick with me, and I hoped that I wouldn't fail the huge exam. Luckily for me, we had done a project that ultimately helped me in truly learning the cell parts and their functions. Both Quiz let, and the edible cell project had balanced the learning process. Never had I imagined that learning the parts would be so difficult, simply because we had done the same type of curriculum in the fifth grade. Things are easily forgotten in the time period,and I had no other alternative. 
          Hope had been lost through and through, but eventually the edible cell project sunk with me. Even the flash cards on quiz let had helped me on learning. Testing yourself to see if you know the curriculum would become extremely important to learning about the cell parts and their functions. Cramming the information into your head wouldn't help at all, simply because you would eventually forget it the next day.

Santa Claus has gone from being a legend, to a world wide known figure. He is known for giving out presents to children all around the world. The naughty and nice list are filled with children's name, but is Santa Claus real, or fake? Arguments have accumulated over the years, and even debates broke out on the fact that Santa might be real, or not. Some argue that he would have to travel at an immense speed to give presents to millions of children before the next day. The amount of calories that he consumes would be over the roof. His reindeer would be carrying tons, upon tons of presents, and how could the sled  carry that much weight? Countered arguments have been revealed saying that it is possible to carry that many presents, or that he could travel to all the different houses. The amount of cookies, could defer depending on the house hold you are visiting.
               In, my own opinion, evidence has been found, and both sides have a great point. Children, when they become older, believe that there is no real St. Nick. I still believe that Santa is real, what about all the orphans that receive presents? They have no real adult or guardian delivering presents to them, yet they may get piles or loads of gifts.  Children who have busy parents, how would they get their gifts? If the parents barely have time for themselves, how can they afford time for their kids gifts? The answer to this conspiracy is still unknown, we can't judge the fact of his existence if we have no true evidence. Either  side of this argument is un valid, until we get hard core proof. 
                

The eukaryote cell cycle, and mitosis share their differences. The first step in the cell cycle in known as inter phase. In this state of mind, the cell DNA is copied prepares to divide. Most of the cell are in this state for the majority of their lives. When the DNA copies, a line is formed down the middle and creates a zipper like motion. Two new DNA are formed from the parent DNA, and still carry some of the same traits. If the DNA were not copied, one of the cells wouldn't have DNA inside of them. Inter phase is commonly confused with pro phase from mitosis, simply because these processes come first. 
        Inter phase is the most important phase, because that is when the DNA is copied, and the process of the cell cycle is about to start. Inter phase can differ depending on the type of cell you are. Prokaryote, and eukaryote have different cell cycle processes. A new formed daughter cell enters the G1 portion of interphase, during which it acquires or synthesizes the materials needed for cell division.

DNA is a molecule that has shaped our lives, and our chraracteristics. DNA is a ladder shaped molecule, that contains sugar phosphate group, adenine, thymine,guanine and nucleotoids. DNA has basically set your features for you. The process of the splitting of the DNA molecule is oftenly thought as a zipper. Each pair is slowly broken apart, so two new DNA molecules are made. The DNA structure has another name, commonly known as the double helix. In each base pair of DNA, certain pairs match with each other. For example, adenine and thymine are always together, and guanine, and cytosine are paired up. Each of the base pairs create the ladder like shape in the DNA molecule.
       The sugar phosphate group are the sides that hold up the base pairs. The are two long pieces running down the two sides, creating the ladder like formation. They are created from sugars that build up over time and eventually create the sugar phosphate group. DNA's structure was given the name double helix, simply because of the ladder like structure. We have five scientists to thank for the discovery of DNA; Rosalind Franklin, Francis Crick, Wilk